Type I tablets are multi-column tablets usually containing several hundred lines of a composition written out by a student in two or more columns. The extent to which the same typology applies to exercise tablets from other cities in which scribes were being trained is not yet clear. The following is a typology of tablet shapes developed by modern scholars, based primarily on tablets from the Old Babylonian city of Nippur. These come in different shapes and sizes, depending on the level of the student and on how advanced the assignment was. A large number of tablets preserving scribal students' exercises (called "exercise tablets") have been found at sites throughout the Near East. Tablets bearing student exercises Ī lot of student learning was done by writing out cuneiform compositions ("school texts") on clay tablets. Others maintain simply that the literary accounts are exaggerated or anachronistic, or that they reflect an idealized image of the school system. This has led some scholars to suggest that the content of "eduba literature" actually refers to an earlier institution, dating to the Ur III period. Archaeological evidence suggests that scribal training during the Old Babylonian took place in private houses, rather than large public institutions. The historical accuracy of eduba literature and other texts referring to the eduba - the extent to which they describe the reality of Old Babylonian scribal education - has been called into question in more recent scholarship. Several Old Babylonian letters and proverbs also allude to scribal education or the eduba. Several royal hymns, recounting the exploits of Mesopotamian kings, also make reference to the institution of the eduba these include the compositions Šulgi B Lipit-Ešter B Išme-Dagan V and Enlil-Bani A. A few Sumerian dialogues also touch on elements of student life, including "A Dialogue Between Two Scribes" (Dialogue 1) "A dialogue between Enki-hengal and Enkita-lu" (Dialogue 2) and Enki-manshum and Girini-isag (Dialogue 3). These are sometimes referred to by modern scholars as "eduba literature" (not to be confused with a second meaning of this term- any composition learned and copied by scribal students) or "school stories." They include the compositions "Schooldays" (Eduba A) "A Scribe and his Perverse Son" (Eduba B) "The Advice of a Supervisor to a Younger Scribe" (Eduba C) "Scribal Activities"(Eduba D) "Instructions of the Ummia" (Eduba E) and "Regulations of the E-duba" (Eduba R). A number of stories are set in the scribal school or attest to what life was like as a scribal student.
The modern idea of how the eduba functioned is based partially on descriptions from Sumerian literature (this is especially true of earlier scholarship - e.g., Sjöberg 1975, Kramer 1949 ). Another Old Babylonian home in which scribal training took place is the house of a man named Ur-Utu, located in the ancient city of Sippar-Amnanum. Unfortunately, it is unclear whether this house is the school texts' original place of use. 1 Broad Street may date to as late as Samsu-iluna year 11 (1674 BCE short chronology, 1738 middle chronology). 1 Broad Street, where a larger number of school tablets was discovered. 7 Quiet Street, where a smaller number of school texts was found in situ and date to the late 18th or early 17th century BCE (short chronology) (reigns of Rim-Sin II or as late as Samsu-iluna year 11 ). Two other possible "school houses" are located at the site of Ur. They date to the 17th century BCE ( short chronology) (the early part of Samsu-iluna's reign), and the majority of them were students' school exercises. Nearly one and a half thousand fragments of tablets were found at this house. The best example of this is House F in the city of Nippur. Some houses, where particularly large numbers of school tablets were unearthed, have been interpreted by archaeologists as "school houses" or homes in which scribal education almost certainly took place.
School tablets have been found in private residences in many sites across Mesopotamia. 2000-1600 BCE).Īrchaeological evidence for the Old Babylonian school system suggests that scribal education was small-scale and usually took place in private homes. Most of the information known about edubas comes from cuneiform texts dating to the Old Babylonian period (ca. The eduba was the institution that trained and educated young scribes in ancient Mesopotamia during the late third or early second millennium BCE. An eduba ( Sumerian: 𒂍𒁾𒁀𒀀, romanized: E 2- DUB-ba-a, lit.'house which distributes tablets' ) is a scribal school for the Sumerian language.
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